{"id":4975,"date":"2023-01-30T13:04:08","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T12:04:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/?p=4975"},"modified":"2023-03-09T10:38:35","modified_gmt":"2023-03-09T09:38:35","slug":"niepylak-apollo-zima","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/pl\/niepylak-apollo-zima","title":{"rendered":"NIEPYLAK APOLLO ZIM\u0104"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

W tym artykule poznasz tajemnice przetrwania niepylaka w warunkach zimowych<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zima to d\u0142ugi okres, do kt\u00f3rego motyle przystosowuj\u0105 si\u0119 na wiele r\u00f3\u017cnych sposob\u00f3w. Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 z nich zimuje w postaci doros\u0142ej, cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 podejmuje si\u0119 dalekiej migracji. Niekt\u00f3re, tak jak niepylak, zim\u0119 sp\u0119dzaj\u0105 w formie jajeczek. Poznaj\u0105c charakterystyk\u0119 cyklu niepylaka apollo, zorientujesz si\u0119 \u017ce nie ma on \u0142atwej drogi do pokonania do momentu nadej\u015bcia cieplejszych dni. Chc\u0105c zrozumie\u0107 biologi\u0119 naszego bohatera, poznajcie najd\u0142u\u017cszy okres z jego \u017cycia jakim jest zima. Zaczniemy od preludium czyli od powstawania jaj.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

autor: Krzysztof Kalemba<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zanim powstan\u0105 jajeczka <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n

Bardzo kr\u00f3tki okres lotu doros\u0142ych motyli to czas przeznaczony g\u0142\u00f3wnie na parowanie i sk\u0142adanie jajeczek. Jajeczka musz\u0105 by\u0107 zbudowane tak, aby zapewni\u0107 bezpieczne schronienie dla g\u0105sienic w zimowych warunkach. Przy kopulacji samica zostaje zabezpieczona chitynowym [1] <\/strong>tworzywem nazywanym sfragis<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samica ju\u017c po kilku dniach przyst\u0119puje do sk\u0142adania jaj, zdolna jest ich znie\u015b\u0107 nawet do 300 sztuk. Taka ilo\u015b\u0107 jajeczek zwi\u0119ksza szans\u0119 na odnalezienie przez larwy ro\u015bliny \u017cywicielskiej [2],<\/strong> jak\u0105 s\u0105 niekt\u00f3re gatunki rozchodnik\u00f3w (Sedum<\/em>), rojnik\u00f3w (Sempervivum<\/em>) i r\u00f3\u017ce\u0144c\u00f3w (Rhodiola<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kopulacja niepylaka apollo (Parnassius apollo) fot.Roman R\u0105pa\u0142a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Formowanie \u017cycia i przetrwanie<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Zima i ch\u0142\u00f3d to dla wi\u0119kszo\u015bci niepylak\u00f3w ci\u0119\u017ckie warunki. Czas jaki g\u0105sienice sp\u0119dzaj\u0105 w jajeczkach to czas, kt\u00f3ry zawa\u017cy liczebnie na ich przysz\u0142ej populacji [3]<\/strong>.Warto zastanowi\u0107 si\u0119 co dzieje si\u0119 z jajami po z\u0142o\u017ceniu ich przez samic\u0119, jakie procesy odpowiadaj\u0105 za tak niezwyk\u0142e przemiany w przyrodzie?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jajeczka posiadaj\u0105 chitynow\u0105 warstw\u0119 chroni\u0105c\u0105 przysz\u0142e g\u0105sienice przed patogenami [4] <\/strong>i wilgoci\u0105. W ich sk\u0142ad wchodz\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c rozmaite aminokwasy, bia\u0142ka i enzymy. Same jaja s\u0105 bardzo wytrzyma\u0142e ale pozwalaj\u0105 na dop\u0142yw powietrza do wewn\u0105trz, nie wszystkie wychodz\u0105 idealne i nie z wszystkich wykluj\u0105 si\u0119 g\u0105sieniczki. O tym zadecyduje jeszcze sporo czynnik\u00f3w. Ju\u017c w czwartym tygodniu po ich z\u0142o\u017ceniu, w jajeczkach pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 g\u0105sienice, ale przez dalsze osiem miesi\u0119cy b\u0119d\u0105 czeka\u0107 w u\u015bpieniu. Ca\u0142a gromada przez okres zimowych ch\u0142od\u00f3w, przeczeka do nadej\u015bcia wiosny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Jaja niepylaka Apollo (Parnassius apollo) fot. Max Rosenberg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oczekiwanie i reakcja<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

W oczekiwaniu na czas wyj\u015bcia z jaja, g\u0105sienica do\u015bwiadcza wielu pr\u00f3b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pierwsz\u0105 z nich jest przedwio\u015bnie – czas w kt\u00f3rym temperatury mog\u0105 okresowo wzrasta\u0107 na tyle, by da\u0107 fa\u0142szywy sygna\u0142 maluchom do pobudki. Taka sytuacja mo\u017ce zdarzy\u0107 si\u0119 jeszcze jesieni\u0105, kiedy d\u0142ugo utrzymuj\u0105 si\u0119 upa\u0142y i ciep\u0142e noce, a nawet zim\u0105 je\u015bli wyst\u0105pi nag\u0142e ocieplenie. Wystarczy, \u017ce noc\u0105 temperatury si\u0119 podnios\u0105, a poranne promienie s\u0142o\u0144ca ogrzej\u0105 jajeczka. Dla g\u0105sienic taka zmiana oznacza \u015bmier\u0107, na skutek powracaj\u0105cego zimna i braku po\u017cywienia. Du\u017ca liczba wyprodukowanych przez ka\u017cd\u0105 samic\u0119 jajeczek zwi\u0119ksza szanse na to, \u017ce cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 wykluje si\u0119 we w\u0142a\u015bciwym momencie. To jedno z wielu przystosowa\u0144 do warunk\u00f3w w kt\u00f3rych \u017cyje niepylak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na prze\u0142omie zimy i wiosny nadchodzi w\u0142a\u015bciwy dla g\u0105sienic okres przebudzenia. W zale\u017cno\u015bci od regionu mo\u017ce by\u0107 on nieco przesuni\u0119ty w czasie, ale zazwyczaj jest to prze\u0142om marca i kwietnia. Mo\u017ce si\u0119 zdarzy\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c tak, \u017ce zima si\u0119 przed\u0142u\u017cy i ocieplenie przyjdzie p\u00f3\u017aniej. W g\u00f3rach mamy jeszcze ch\u0142odne noce, ale czas nagli poniewa\u017c materia\u0142 od\u017cywczy wewn\u0105trz jajeczka si\u0119 ko\u0144czy. Kiedy przyjdzie pora, g\u0105sienice zaczn\u0105 po\u017cywia\u0107 si\u0119 \u015bciank\u0105 jaja i przegryz\u0105 jego otoczk\u0119. Nabior\u0105 wtedy si\u0142 i wystartuj\u0105 pr\u0119dko w poszukiwaniu ro\u015bliny \u017cywicielskiej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doros\u0142e, wyposa\u017cone w skrzyd\u0142a niepylaki, nie nale\u017c\u0105 do specjalnie ruchliwych, za to ich g\u0105sienice s\u0105 bardzo szybkie. Je\u017celi te ma\u0142e g\u0105sieniczki w por\u0119 nie znajd\u0105 po\u017cywienia, nie przetrwaj\u0105. To kolejne przystosowanie zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105ce szanse na przetrwanie gatunku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
M\u0142ode g\u0105sienice niepylaka apollo (Parnassius apollo) po\u017cywiaj\u0105ce w si\u0119 p\u0119dami rozchodnika wielkiego (Sedum maximum) fot. KPN team<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rok z \u017cycia niepylak\u00f3w to pr\u00f3by, szanse i wy\u015bcigi, pasmo sukces\u00f3w i pora\u017cek. Wszystko po to by zamkn\u0105\u0107 cykl i pozostawi\u0107 po sobie kolejne pokolenie. Tylko w taki spos\u00f3b mo\u017ce przetrwa\u0107 gatunek \u017cyj\u0105cy w surowym i coraz szybciej zmieniaj\u0105cym si\u0119 \u015bwiecie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]- <\/strong>chityna – zwi\u0105zek chemiczny ( polisacharyd ) tworz\u0105cy wierzchni szkielet u cz\u0119\u015bci organizm\u00f3w wraz z bia\u0142kami, solami wapnia i magnezu pozyskiwanymi wraz z po\u017cywieniem w przypadku owad\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]-<\/strong> ro\u015blina \u017cywicielska – ro\u015blina kt\u00f3rej organizm potrzebuje do rozwoju w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci swojego cyklu rozwojowego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]- <\/strong>populacja – grupa osobnik\u00f3w jednego gatunku zamieszkuj\u0105ca dany obszar w okre\u015blonym czasie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/strong>-patogeny- czynniki biologiczne wywo\u0142uj\u0105ce choroby u organizm\u00f3w \u017cywych, nale\u017c\u0105 do nich wirusy, bakterie, pierwotniaki  i grzyby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a pomocnicze : <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Pages Entomogoliques d\u2019Andre Lequet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Lepidoptera and their ecology: Parnassius apollo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/www.pyrgus.de\/Parnassius_apollo_en.html<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Butterflies in Benelux \/ Parnassius apollo <\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/www.phagea.org\/Dagvlinders\/BinkMONOPAP\/Bink_Monograph_Papollo.htm<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Warto zajrze\u0107 :<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/butterfly-conservation.org\/news-and-blog\/where-do-butterflies-and-moths-go-in-winter<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

W tym artykule poznasz tajemnice przetrwania niepylaka w warunkach zimowych Zima to d\u0142ugi okres, do kt\u00f3rego motyle przystosowuj\u0105 si\u0119 na<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":5008,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","ghostkit_customizer_options":"","ghostkit_custom_css":"","ghostkit_custom_js_head":"","ghostkit_custom_js_foot":"","ghostkit_typography":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bez-kategorii"],"yoast_head":"\nNIEPYLAK APOLLO ZIM\u0104 - Parnassius apollo project LIFE Apollo2020<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/pl\/niepylak-apollo-zima\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NIEPYLAK APOLLO ZIM\u0104\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"W tym artykule poznasz tajemnice przetrwania niepylaka w warunkach zimowych Zima to d\u0142ugi okres, do kt\u00f3rego motyle przystosowuj\u0105 si\u0119 na\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/pl\/niepylak-apollo-zima\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Parnassius apollo project LIFE Apollo2020\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-01-30T12:04:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" 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