{"id":9098,"date":"2025-02-10T11:34:33","date_gmt":"2025-02-10T10:34:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/apollo-v-zime"},"modified":"2025-07-10T17:26:58","modified_gmt":"2025-07-10T15:26:58","slug":"apollo-v-zime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/cs\/apollo-v-zime","title":{"rendered":"Apollo v zim\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte o tajemstv\u00edch p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed mot\u00fdl\u016f v zimn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch.<\/h2>\n\n

Zima je dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu se mot\u00fdli p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed jako dosp\u011blci, zat\u00edmco jin\u00ed podnikaj\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 migrace. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Apollo, p\u0159e\u010dk\u00e1vaj\u00ed zimu ve vaj\u00ed\u010dk\u00e1ch. Kdy\u017e se sezn\u00e1m\u00edte s charakteristikou cyklu mot\u00fdla Apollo, uv\u011bdom\u00edte si, \u017ee nem\u00e1 jednoduchou cestu, kterou by se m\u011bl vydat, dokud nep\u0159ijdou teplej\u0161\u00ed dny. Pokud chcete pochopit biologii na\u0161eho hrdiny, seznamte se s nejdel\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00edm jeho \u017eivota, kter\u00fdm je zima. Za\u010dneme p\u0159edehrou, kterou je tvorba vaj\u00ed\u010dek. <\/p>\n\n

P\u0158ED TVORBOU VAJ\u00cd\u010cEK<\/h2>\n\n

Velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed letu dosp\u011bl\u00fdch mot\u00fdl\u016f je dobou v\u011bnovanou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a kladen\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dek. Vaj\u00ed\u010dka mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dob\u0159e stav\u011bn\u00e1, aby housenk\u00e1m poskytla bezpe\u010d\u00ed v zimn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. B\u011bhem kopulace je samice chr\u00e1n\u011bna chitinov\u00fdm [1] materi\u00e1lem zvan\u00fdm sfragis. <\/p>\n\n

Po n\u011bkolika dnech za\u010dne samice kl\u00e1st vaj\u00ed\u010dka, kter\u00fdch je schopna nakl\u00e1st a\u017e 300. Takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dek zvy\u0161uje \u0161anci larev naj\u00edt hostitelskou rostlinu [2], jako jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy rozchodn\u00edk\u016f, semperivum a rodiola. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Parnassius Apollo kopulace. Foto: Roman R\u0105pa\u0142a <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

VZNIK \u017dIVOTA A P\u0158E\u017dIT\u00cd<\/h2>\n\n

Zima a chlad jsou pro v\u011bt\u0161inu mot\u00fdl\u016f n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Doba, kterou housenky str\u00e1v\u00ed ve vaj\u00ed\u010dk\u00e1ch, rozhoduje o jejich budouc\u00ed populaci [3]. Stoj\u00ed za to se zamyslet nad t\u00edm, co se d\u011bje s vaj\u00ed\u010dky pot\u00e9, co je sami\u010dka naklade, jak\u00e9 procesy jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za tak neobvykl\u00e9 zm\u011bny v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b? <\/p>\n\n

Vaj\u00ed\u010dka maj\u00ed chitinovou vrstvu, kter\u00e1 chr\u00e1n\u00ed budouc\u00ed housenky p\u0159ed patogeny [4] a vysokou vlhkost\u00ed. Obsahuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00e9 aminokyseliny, b\u00edlkoviny a enzymy. Samotn\u00e1 vaj\u00ed\u010dka jsou velmi pevn\u00e1, ale umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu dovnit\u0159, ne v\u0161echna se vyl\u00edhnou dokonal\u00e1 a ne ze v\u0161ech se vyl\u00edhnou housenky. Rozhoduje je\u0161t\u011b mnoho faktor\u016f. Ji\u017e ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9m t\u00fddnu po nakladen\u00ed se ve vaj\u00ed\u010dk\u00e1ch objevuj\u00ed housenky, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch osm m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f budou le\u017eet v klidu. Cel\u00fd shluk bude \u010dekat, a\u017e b\u011bhem zimn\u00edch mraz\u016f p\u0159ijde jaro. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"
vejce od Parnassius Apollo. Foto: Max Rosenberg <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

\u010cAS A REAKCE<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159i \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed na vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed z vaj\u00ed\u010dka za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 housenka mnoho zkou\u0161ek.<\/p>\n\n

Prvn\u00ed z nich je \u010dasn\u00e9 jaro – obdob\u00ed, kdy se teploty mohou pravideln\u011b zvy\u0161ovat natolik, \u017ee daj\u00ed mal\u00fdm pt\u00e1\u010dk\u016fm fale\u0161n\u00fd sign\u00e1l k probuzen\u00ed. Takov\u00e1 situace m\u016f\u017ee nastat i na podzim, kdy teplo a tepl\u00e9 noci trvaj\u00ed dlouho, a dokonce i v zim\u011b, pokud dojde k n\u00e1hl\u00e9mu oteplen\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed, aby teplota v noci stoupla a rann\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky vaj\u00ed\u010dka oh\u0159\u00e1ly. Pro housenky takov\u00e1 zm\u011bna znamen\u00e1 smrt v d\u016fsledku vracej\u00edc\u00edho se chladu a nedostatku potravy. Velk\u00fd po\u010det vaj\u00ed\u010dek vyprodukovan\u00fdch ka\u017edou sami\u010dkou zvy\u0161uje \u0161anci, \u017ee se n\u011bkter\u00e1 vyl\u00edhnou v prav\u00fd okam\u017eik. Jedn\u00e1 se o jednu z mnoha adaptac\u00ed na podm\u00ednky, ve kter\u00fdch mot\u00fdl \u017eije. <\/p>\n\n

Koncem zimy a za\u010d\u00e1tkem jara nast\u00e1v\u00e1 pro housenky spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed probouzen\u00ed. V z\u00e1vislosti na regionu se m\u016f\u017ee \u010dasov\u011b m\u00edrn\u011b posunout, ale obvykle je to mezi b\u0159eznem a dubnem. M\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 st\u00e1t, \u017ee se zima posune a oteplen\u00ed p\u0159ijde pozd\u011bji. V hor\u00e1ch jsou noci je\u0161t\u011b chladn\u00e9, ale \u010das je ne\u00faprosn\u00fd, proto\u017ee \u017eivn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky uvnit\u0159 vaj\u00ed\u010dka doch\u00e1zej\u00ed. A\u017e p\u0159ijde \u010das, housenky se za\u010dnou \u017eivit st\u011bnou vaj\u00ed\u010dka a prokous\u00e1vaj\u00ed jeho sko\u0159\u00e1pku. Pak naberou s\u00edlu a rychle vyraz\u00ed hledat hostitelskou rostlinu. <\/p>\n\n

Dosp\u011bl\u00ed mot\u00fdli vybaven\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddly nejsou nijak zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 rychl\u00ed, ale jejich housenky jsou odhodl\u00e1ny pohybovat se velmi rychle. Pokud tyto mal\u00e9 housenky nenajdou potravu v\u010das, nep\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed. To je dal\u0161\u00ed adaptace, kter\u00e1 zvy\u0161uje \u0161ance na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed druhu. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"
housenky rodu Parnassius Apollo, kter\u00e9 se \u017eiv\u00ed na star\u00e9m stonku rozchodn\u00edku. Foto: Roman R\u0105pa\u0142a <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Rok \u017eivota mot\u00fdla je zkou\u0161kou, \u0161anc\u00ed a z\u00e1vodem, \u0159adou \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f a ne\u00fasp\u011bch\u016f. To v\u0161e proto, aby se uzav\u0159el cyklus a vznikla dal\u0161\u00ed generace druhu. Jen tak mohou p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt v drsn\u00e9m a rychle se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b. <\/h2>\n\n

[1]- chitin – chemick\u00e1 slou\u010denina (polysacharid), kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed horn\u00ed kostru n\u011bkter\u00fdch organism\u016f spolu s b\u00edlkovinami, solemi v\u00e1pn\u00edku a ho\u0159\u010d\u00edku z\u00edskan\u00fdmi s potravou v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hmyzu.<\/p>\n\n

[2] – hostitelsk\u00e1 rostlina – rostlina, kterou organismus pot\u0159ebuje k v\u00fdvoji ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b sv\u00e9ho \u017eivotn\u00edho cyklu.<\/p>\n\n

[3] – populace – skupina jedinc\u016f jednoho druhu ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dase ur\u010ditou oblast.<\/p>\n\n

[4] – patogeny – biologick\u00e1 agens, kter\u00e1 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fdch organism\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b vir\u016f, bakteri\u00ed, prvok\u016f a hub.<\/p>\n\n

Pomocn\u00e9 zdroje:<\/p>\n\n

Les Pages Entomogoliques d’Andre Lequet. Evrop\u0161t\u00ed mot\u00fdli a jejich ekologie: Parnassius apollo <\/p>\n\n

http:\/\/www.pyrgus.de\/Parnassius_apollo_en.html<\/p>\n\n

Mot\u00fdli v Beneluxu \/ Parnassius apollo<\/p>\n\n

http:\/\/www.phagea.org\/Dagvlinders\/BinkMONOPAP\/Bink_Monograph_Papollo.html<\/p>\n\n

Stoj\u00ed za to se pod\u00edvat: <\/p>\n\n

https:\/\/butterfly-conservation.org\/news-and-blog\/where-do-butterflies-and-moths-go-in-winter<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte o tajemstv\u00edch p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed mot\u00fdl\u016f v zimn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Zima je dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu se mot\u00fdli p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":5009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","ghostkit_customizer_options":"","ghostkit_custom_css":"","ghostkit_custom_js_head":"","ghostkit_custom_js_foot":"","ghostkit_typography":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[193],"tags":[450,310],"class_list":["post-9098","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-butterflies-for-beginners-cs","tag-caterpilllars-cs","tag-chov"],"yoast_head":"\nApollo v zim\u011b - Parnassius apollo project LIFE Apollo2020<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/cs\/apollo-v-zime\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apollo v zim\u011b\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte o tajemstv\u00edch p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed mot\u00fdl\u016f v zimn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. 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