{"id":8626,"date":"2024-11-30T19:38:51","date_gmt":"2024-11-30T18:38:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/vliv-zmeny-klimatu-na-motyla-apollo"},"modified":"2025-02-10T11:32:27","modified_gmt":"2025-02-10T10:32:27","slug":"vliv-zmeny-klimatu-na-motyla-apollo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/cs\/vliv-zmeny-klimatu-na-motyla-apollo","title":{"rendered":"Vliv zm\u011bny klimatu na mot\u00fdla Parnassius Apollo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Napsal Maureen Nieuwschepen<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je druh\u00fdm d\u00edlem dvoud\u00edln\u00e9, v\u011bdecky podlo\u017een\u00e9 s\u00e9rie o Parnassius apollo<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n

Celosv\u011btov\u00e9 dopady zm\u011bny klimatu – zm\u011bna po\u010das\u00ed a posun teplotn\u00edch p\u00e1sem<\/h2>\n\n

Zm\u011bna klimatu, zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, vede ke zm\u011bn\u011b po\u010das\u00ed a n\u00e1r\u016fstu extr\u00e9mn\u00edch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch jev\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b (Scott, 2016), zejm\u00e9na k n\u00e1r\u016fstu denn\u00edch teplot a sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Evrop\u011b do\u0161lo k n\u00e1r\u016fstu denn\u00edch rekordn\u011b vysok\u00fdch teplot oproti denn\u00edm rekordn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee tento pom\u011br se bude v budoucnu zvy\u0161ovat (Ummenhofer & Meehl, 2017). Se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se teplotou vzduchu se bude m\u011bnit i jeho schopnost zadr\u017eovat vodu, co\u017e ovlivn\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh sr\u00e1\u017eek. P\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky a d\u00e9lka such\u00fdch obdob\u00ed se zvy\u0161uj\u00ed a v budoucnu se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 jejich v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed intenzita (Scott, 2016), co\u017e negativn\u011b ovlivn\u00ed produkci suchozemsk\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d biomy (Zhang et al., 2013). Dal\u0161\u00edmi dopady zm\u011bny klimatu, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed suchozemsk\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9my, jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd po\u010det vln veder a po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f (Ummenhofer & Meehl, 2017). <\/p>\n\n

Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v Evrop\u011b vedla zm\u011bna klimatu k d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu n\u00e1stupu l\u00e9ta, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mezi lety 1960 a 2000 do\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u011b o ~10 dn\u00ed (Cassou & Cattiaux, 2016). P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 dopady zm\u011bny klimatu na suchozemskou Evropu vypadaj\u00ed chmurn\u011b. Nejen\u017ee je Evropa vystavena celosv\u011btov\u00fdm trend\u016fm v oblasti pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch vliv\u016f zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch zm\u011bnou klimatu, jako je n\u00e1r\u016fst extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek a z\u00e1va\u017enosti sucha, ale podle model\u016f klimatick\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed \u010del\u00ed Evropa tak\u00e9 jedine\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m (Carvalho et al., 2021). Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 teploty se oproti celosv\u011btov\u00e9mu pr\u016fm\u011bru zv\u00fd\u0161ily t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b (Harris et al., 2014). P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee tento trend bude p\u0159etrv\u00e1vat i v budoucnu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed relativn\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst teplot bude zaznamen\u00e1n v oblasti Pyrenejsk\u00e9ho poloostrova, St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, Alp, Skandin\u00e1vie a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed a severn\u00ed Evropy (IPCC, 2018). <\/p>\n\n

Vliv zm\u011bny klimatu na st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropu a stanovi\u0161t\u011b P. apollo<\/em> <\/h2>\n\n

Parnassius apollo <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758) se vyskytuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve st\u0159edoevropsk\u00fdch vrchovin\u00e1ch. Klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed horsk\u00e9 oblasti, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu n\u00e1r\u016fstu teplot ne\u017e v jin\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mech (Nogu\u00e9s-Bravo et al., 2007). Hory jsou tak\u00e9 jedine\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u00fdm gradientem mikrostanovi\u0161\u0165 pod\u00e9l v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly, co\u017e zt\u011b\u017euje jejich za\u0159azen\u00ed do zobecniteln\u00fdch vzorc\u016f. V evropsk\u00fdch horsk\u00fdch oblastech ji\u017e byl zji\u0161t\u011bn posun v roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed rostlinn\u00fdch a \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f sm\u011brem vzh\u016fru (Lenoir et al., 2008), proto\u017ee ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch jsou teploty obecn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. U rostlin ji\u017e bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fd \u00fabytek stanovi\u0161\u0165 je v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u druh\u016f vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edch se ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch. Do roku 2070-2100 m\u016f\u017ee 36-55 % vysokohorsk\u00fdch druh\u016f, 31-51 % subalp\u00ednsk\u00fdch druh\u016f a 19-46 % horsk\u00fdch druh\u016f ztratit v\u00edce ne\u017e 80 % sv\u00fdch vhodn\u00fdch stanovi\u0161\u0165 (Engler et al., 2011). <\/p>\n\n

\u00da\u010dinek na P. apollo<\/em><\/h2>\n\n

Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed teploty<\/h4>\n\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee stanovi\u0161t\u011b P. apollo <\/em>se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v horsk\u00fdch oblastech, byly a jsou vystaveny z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm klimatick\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m. Za prv\u00e9, zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se teploty vyh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed mot\u00fdly na sever. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed se P. apollo <\/em>st\u00e1hl na sever pod\u00e9l severn\u00ed i ji\u017en\u00ed hranice sv\u00e9ho are\u00e1lu (Parmesan et al., 1999). Dal\u0161\u00ed reakc\u00ed na zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se teploty m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1stup l\u00edhnut\u00ed larev. <\/p>\n\n

Ve francouzsk\u00e9 oblasti Bran\u00e7on v Alp\u00e1ch se u populac\u00ed objevilo d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed l\u00edhnut\u00ed larev a posun ve v\u00fdskytu l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edch dosp\u011blc\u016f o jeden m\u011bs\u00edc v biotopech nad 1900 m n. m. (Descimon et al., 2005).<\/p>\n\n

Anom\u00e1lie po\u010das\u00ed<\/h4>\n\n

Pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed anom\u00e1lie zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 zm\u011bnou klimatu mohou m\u00edt katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed dopad na populace P. apollo <\/em>. Bylo zdokumentov\u00e1no n\u011bkolik ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobily velk\u00fd pokles velikosti populac\u00ed nebo zp\u016fsobily jejich \u00fazk\u00e9 hrdlo. Tyto ud\u00e1losti byly zdokumentov\u00e1ny p\u0159ed rokem 2000, ale ukazuj\u00ed zranitelnost populac\u00ed Apollo <\/em>v\u016f\u010di anom\u00e1li\u00edm po\u010das\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n

V Pienin\u00e1ch v roce 1957, po \u010dasn\u00e9m a tepl\u00e9m jaru, zp\u016fsobilo dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed chladn\u00e9 a de\u0161tiv\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9 \u010dervencov\u00fdm sn\u011b\u017een\u00edm \u00fazk\u00e9 hrdlo pro region\u00e1ln\u00ed populace P. apollo <\/em>(\u017bukowski 1959). Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee samci se z kukel l\u00edhnou d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e samice, nemohli se ti, kte\u0159\u00ed se vyl\u00edhli v \u010dervnu, kv\u016fli nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti samic p\u00e1\u0159it. Kdy\u017e se n\u00e1sledn\u011b po chladn\u00e9m po\u010das\u00ed objevily samice, byl jich oplodn\u011bn jen omezen\u00fd po\u010det, proto\u017ee p\u0159e\u017eilo jen n\u011bkolik samc\u016f. <\/p>\n\n

„Fale\u0161n\u00e9 jaro“ v zim\u011b, tj. tepl\u00e9 obdob\u00ed n\u00e1sledovan\u00e9 n\u00e1vratem chladu, na konci 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed zp\u016fsobilo pokles populac\u00ed P. apollo <\/em>v ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Centr\u00e1ln\u00edho masivu ve Francii (Descimon et al., 2005). Opakov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to ud\u00e1losti o deset let pozd\u011bji zp\u016fsobilo \u00fapln\u00e9 vymizen\u00ed t\u011bchto populac\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n

Larvy P. apollo <\/em>jsou p\u0159izp\u016fsobeny n\u00edzk\u00fdm okoln\u00edm teplot\u00e1m, v\u010detn\u011b teplot pod 0 \u00b0C. Tmav\u00e1 pigmentace jejich kutikuly umo\u017e\u0148uje rychl\u00e9 zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed na slune\u010dn\u00edm sv\u011btle p\u0159i krmen\u00ed. Tato vlastnost je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za kl\u00ed\u010dovou v horsk\u00fdch biotopech, kde maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed denn\u00ed teplota ve v\u00fdvojov\u00e9m stadiu larev z\u0159\u00eddkakdy p\u0159esahuje 15 \u00b0C (Richarz et al., 1989). Larvy jsou v\u0161ak velmi citliv\u00e9 na vlhkost. V chladn\u00fdch a de\u0161tiv\u00fdch dnech se larvy p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed krmit a v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezuj\u00ed svou pohyblivost. V d\u016fsledku toho del\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed siln\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v kombinaci s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi okoln\u00edmi teplotami, sni\u017euj\u00ed v\u00fdvoj larev a zvy\u0161uj\u00ed \u00famrtnost (Descimon et al., 2005). Teploty nad 40 \u00b0C v\u0161ak mohou tak\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it \u00famrtnost larev, proto\u017ee jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k rozvoji oportunn\u00edch chorob, tj. infekc\u00ed (Descimon et al., 2005). <\/p>\n\n

P\u0159irozen\u00e9 roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f<\/h4>\n\n

V cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b jsou lesy b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi klimaxov\u00fdmi ekosyst\u00e9my, zejm\u00e9na ve st\u0159edn\u00edch a severn\u00edch oblastech kontinentu. Postupuj\u00edc\u00ed lesn\u00ed sukcese v\u00fdznamn\u011b ohro\u017euje populace P. apollo <\/em>, co\u017e vede k fragmentaci stanovi\u0161\u0165 a sni\u017euje dostupnost \u017eivn\u00fdch rostlin pro larvy i dosp\u011blce (Nakonieczny et al., 2007). Tento proces zat\u00edm postihuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9 oblasti. V d\u016fsledku toho byly p\u0159irozenou sukces\u00ed les\u016f ohro\u017eeny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm „telefiof\u00e1gn\u00ed“ formy P. apollo<\/em>, tj. formy \u017eiv\u00edc\u00ed se S. telephium<\/em>, a nikoli formy \u017eiv\u00edc\u00ed se S. album<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n

Alpsk\u00e9 tr\u00e1vn\u00edky nad hranic\u00ed strom\u016f, kter\u00e9 P. apollo<\/em> ob\u00fdv\u00e1, jsou v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017en\u011b ohro\u017eeny zm\u011bnou klimatu v d\u016fsledku roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f sm\u011brem nahoru, kter\u00e9 je zp\u016fsobeno zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edmi se teplotami (H\u00fclber et al., 2020). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ohro\u017eeny jsou i albof\u00e1gn\u00ed formy, zejm\u00e9na pokud vezmeme v \u00favahu p\u0159edpov\u011bdi n\u00e1r\u016fstu teplot ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch. <\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Zm\u011bna klimatu ovliv\u0148uje jak populace P. apollo<\/em>, tak dostupnost hostitelsk\u00fdch rostlin pro housenky a st\u00e1lost stanovi\u0161\u0165. Mal\u00e9 a izolovan\u00e9 populace jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k extr\u00e9mn\u00edm pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 mohou v\u00e9st k efektu \u00fazk\u00e9ho hrdla nebo \u00fapln\u00e9mu vymizen\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed populace. Pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed druhu jsou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 strategie ochrany, kter\u00e9 zlep\u0161\u00ed stanovi\u0161tn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro dal\u0161\u00ed druhy prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed v podobn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Projekty, jako je LIFE Apollo2020, maj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro rozvoj a realizaci t\u011bchto strategi\u00ed a hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli v ochran\u011b druhu P. apollo<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n

Bibliografie<\/h2>\n\n

Descimon, H. (1995). La conservation des Parnassius en France: aspects zoog\u00e9ographiques, \u00e9cologiques, d\u00e9mographiques et g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques (Vol. 1, pp. 1-54). Editions OPIE. <\/p>\n\n

Descimon, H., Bachelard, P., Boitier, E., & Pierrat, V. (2005). \u00dabytek a vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed populac\u00ed Parnassius apollo<\/em> ve Francii – pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. Studies on the Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies in Europe<\/em>, 1, 114-115. <\/p>\n\n

Engler, R., Randin, C. F., Thuiller, W., Dullinger, S., Zimmermann, N. E., Araujo, M. B., … & Guisan, A. (2011). Zm\u011bna klimatu v 21. stolet\u00ed ohro\u017euje horskou fl\u00f3ru v Evrop\u011b nerovnom\u011brn\u011b. Global change biology<\/em>, 17(7), 2330-2341. <\/p>\n\n

Harris, I. P. D. J., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., & Lister, D. H. (2014). Aktualizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch klimatick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed s vysok\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm – CRU TS3. 10 Dataset. International journal of climatology<\/em>, 34(3), 623-642. <\/p>\n\n

H\u00fclber, K., Kuttner, M., Moser, D., Rabitsch, W., Schindler, S., Wessely, J., … & Dullinger, S. (2020). Dostupnost stanovi\u0161\u0165 ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b zesiluje rizika zm\u011bny klimatu pro n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9 druhy ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s druhy vysokohorsk\u00fdmi. Global Ecology and Conservation<\/em>, 23, e01113. <\/p>\n\n

IPCC 2018: Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed zpr\u00e1va Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed o 1,5 \u00b0C. https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Lenoir, J., G\u00e9gout, J. C., Marquet, P. A., de Ruffray, P., & Brisse, H. (2008). V\u00fdrazn\u00fd posun v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho optima rostlinn\u00fdch druh\u016f sm\u011brem nahoru b\u011bhem 20. stolet\u00ed. Science,<\/em> 320(5884), 1768-1771. <\/p>\n\n

Nakonieczny, M., Kedziorski, A., & Michalczyk, K. (2007). Mot\u00fdl Apollo(Parnassius apollo<\/em> L.) v Evrop\u011b – jeho historie, \u00fabytek a perspektivy ochrany. Functional Ecosystems and Communities<\/em>, 1(1), 56-79. <\/p>\n\n

Nogu\u00e9s-Bravo, D., Ara\u00fajo, M. B., Errea, M. P., & Mart\u00ednez-Rica, J. P. (2007). Expozice glob\u00e1ln\u00edch horsk\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f v\u016f\u010di oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 21. stolet\u00ed. Global environmental change<\/em>, 17(3-4), 420-428. <\/p>\n\n

Massolo, A., Fric, Z. F., & Sbaraglia, C. (2022). Vliv zm\u011bny klimatu na vhodnost biotopu mot\u00fdla v minulosti, sou\u010dasnosti a budoucnosti: (2017): Biotick\u00e9 interakce mezi mot\u00fdlem Parnassius apollo a jeho hostitelsk\u00fdmi rostlinami. Univerzita v Pise<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n

Parmesan, C., Ryrholm, N., Stefanescu, C., Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D., Descimon, H., … & Warren, M. (1999). Poleward shifts in geographical areanges of butterfly species associated with regional warming (Posuny zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch are\u00e1l\u016f druh\u016f mot\u00fdl\u016f sm\u011brem k p\u00f3l\u016fm v souvislosti s region\u00e1ln\u00edm oteplov\u00e1n\u00edm). Nature,<\/em> 399(6736), 579-583. <\/p>\n\n

Richarz, N., Neumann, D., & Wipking, W. (1989). Untersuchungen zur \u00f6kologie des Apollofalters(Parnassius apollo<\/em> vinningensis,<\/em> Stichel 1899, Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) im Weinbaugebiet der unteren Mosel. Mitt der Assoc Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lischer Lepidopterologen<\/em>, 5, 108-259. <\/p>\n\n

Zhang, Y., Susan Moran, M., Nearing, M. A., Ponce Campos, G. E., Huete, A. R., Buda, A. R., … & Starks, P. J. (2013). Extreme precipitation patterns and reductions of terrestrial ecosystem production across biomes [Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed produkce suchozemsk\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d biomy]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences<\/em>, 118(1), 148-157. \u017bukowski, R. (1959). Problemy zaniku i wymierania motyla Parnassius apollo<\/em> L. na ziemiach polskich. Sylwan<\/em>, 103(06-07). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Napsal Maureen Nieuwschepen Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je druh\u00fdm d\u00edlem dvoud\u00edln\u00e9, v\u011bdecky podlo\u017een\u00e9 s\u00e9rie o Parnassius apollo. Celosv\u011btov\u00e9 dopady zm\u011bny klimatu –<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":8093,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","ghostkit_customizer_options":"","ghostkit_custom_css":"","ghostkit_custom_js_head":"","ghostkit_custom_js_foot":"","ghostkit_typography":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[259],"tags":[194,195],"class_list":["post-8626","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-followapollo-cs","tag-climate-change-cs","tag-parnassius-apollo-cs"],"yoast_head":"\nVliv zm\u011bny klimatu na mot\u00fdla Parnassius Apollo - Parnassius apollo project LIFE Apollo2020<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/cs\/vliv-zmeny-klimatu-na-motyla-apollo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vliv zm\u011bny klimatu na mot\u00fdla Parnassius Apollo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Napsal Maureen Nieuwschepen Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je druh\u00fdm d\u00edlem dvoud\u00edln\u00e9, v\u011bdecky podlo\u017een\u00e9 s\u00e9rie o Parnassius apollo. 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