{"id":8575,"date":"2024-11-30T19:19:23","date_gmt":"2024-11-30T18:19:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/migracni-historie-a-ekologie-motyla-apollo"},"modified":"2024-11-30T19:19:27","modified_gmt":"2024-11-30T18:19:27","slug":"migracni-historie-a-ekologie-motyla-apollo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/cs\/migracni-historie-a-ekologie-motyla-apollo","title":{"rendered":"Migra\u010dn\u00ed historie a ekologie mot\u00fdla Apollo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Napsal Maureen Nieuwschepen<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je prvn\u00edm d\u00edlem dvoud\u00edln\u00e9, v\u011bdecky podlo\u017een\u00e9 s\u00e9rie o Parnassius apollo<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n

P\u016fvod a historie migrace<\/h2>\n\n

Rod Parnassius <\/em>poprv\u00e9 vznikl v Laurasii (dne\u0161n\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010c\u00edna, obr. 1) na po\u010d\u00e1tku paleog\u00e9nu (asi p\u0159ed 65 miliony let). N\u00e1raz indick\u00e9 tektonick\u00e9 desky do asijsk\u00e9ho kontinentu v pr\u016fb\u011bhu mioc\u00e9nu (p\u0159ed 23,03 – 5,33 miliony let) vedl ke vzniku him\u00e1lajsk\u00fdch poho\u0159\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Asii, a t\u00edm k dramatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b biotop\u016f. Him\u00e1lajsk\u00e1 plo\u0161ina zablokovala asijsk\u00fd monzun a sn\u00ed\u017eila mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Asii (Quade et al., 1989), co\u017e vedlo k n\u00e1r\u016fstu stepn\u00edch rostlin. Zm\u011bny biotick\u00fdch (posun hostitelsk\u00fdch rostlin) a abiotick\u00fdch (zm\u011bna klimatu a orogeneze (tj. vznik poho\u0159\u00ed sbli\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm tektonick\u00fdch desek)) podm\u00ednek vedly k prvn\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 radiaci parnas\u016f<\/em> na v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 druh\u016f (Condamine et al., 2018). <\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zek 1. Mapa sv\u011bta zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u016fvod a radia\u010dn\u00ed centrum rodu Parnassius<\/em> (oran\u017eov\u00e1) a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed Parnassius apollo <\/em>(modr\u00e1). Informace p\u0159evzaty z Nakonieczny et al., 2007. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed diverzifikace<\/h2>\n\n

Jeden z druh\u016f rodu Parnassius <\/em>, Parnassius apollo <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758), se<\/em> roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il daleko na z\u00e1pad do Evropy a na sever a\u017e k hranici trval\u00e9 sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky (Nakonieczny et al., 2007). V t\u00e9to dob\u011b se je\u0161t\u011b jednalo o rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd stepn\u00ed druh. Prvn\u00ed zaledn\u011bn\u00ed v Evrop\u011b vyhnalo P. apollo <\/em>na jih do \u00fato\u010di\u0161\u0165 (Nakonieczny et al., 2007). Dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 glaci\u00e1ln\u011b-interglaci\u00e1ln\u00ed cykly podporovaly expanzi a \u00fastup P. apollo<\/em> a jeho obsazov\u00e1n\u00ed a stahov\u00e1n\u00ed do \u00fato\u010di\u0161\u0165 a z nich. Tato prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed dynamika pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vedla k dal\u0161\u00edmu poddruhov\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoji v r\u00e1mci P. apollo<\/em>, co\u017e vedlo k v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 popsan\u00fdm poddruh\u016fm v Evrop\u011b (Todisco et al., 2010). Podobn\u00e9, ale v men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e dynamick\u00e9 procesy prob\u00edhaly i v asijsk\u00e9m are\u00e1lu P. apollo <\/em>, co\u017e vysv\u011btluje rozd\u00edly v poddruhov\u00e9 rozmanitosti mezi Evropou a Asi\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n

Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed distribuce<\/h2>\n\n

\u00dabytek stepn\u00edch stanovi\u0161\u0165 v Evrop\u011b vyvolal selek\u010dn\u00ed tlak na P. apollo<\/em>, co\u017e vedlo k postupn\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b z typick\u00e9ho stepn\u00edho druhu na druh horsk\u00e9 stepi (Nakonieczny et al., 2007). Nyn\u00ed je P. apollo <\/em>pova\u017eov\u00e1n za stepn\u00ed a horsko-subalpsko-subbore\u00e1ln\u00ed druh, kter\u00fd ob\u00fdv\u00e1 mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch stanovi\u0161\u0165 v \u0161irok\u00e9m are\u00e1lu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed (Descimon, 1995). Jeho rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd palearktick\u00fd are\u00e1l se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 od 7\u00b0 z. d. (Kantabersk\u00e9 poho\u0159\u00ed, \u0160pan\u011blsko) do 120\u00b0 v. d. (Jakutsko, Rusko), v\u010detn\u011b poho\u0159\u00ed Khentei v Mongolsku. Jeho zem\u011bpisn\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka sah\u00e1 od 62\u00b0 s. \u0161. (z\u00e1padn\u00ed Finsko a Oppland, Norsko) do p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 38\u00b0 s. \u0161. (Sierra G\u00e1dor ve \u0160pan\u011blsku, masiv La Madonie na Sic\u00edlii, hora Er\u00edmanthos v \u0158ecku a masiv Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Taurus v severov\u00fdchodn\u00edm Turecku) (z n\u011bkolika zdroj\u016f shrnuje Nakonieczny et al., 2007)(obr. 1). <\/p>\n\n

Popis<\/h2>\n\n

D\u00edky sv\u00e9mu vzhledu je P. Apollo<\/em> jedn\u00edm z nejikoni\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch mot\u00fdl\u016f s rozp\u011bt\u00edm k\u0159\u00eddel 50-80 mm, k\u0159\u00eddov\u011b b\u00edl\u00fdmi k\u0159\u00eddly, \u0161ed\u00fdmi znaky a \u010dern\u00fdmi a \u010derven\u00fdmi skvrnami. Samci a samice se li\u0161\u00ed kresbou na p\u0159edn\u00edch a zadn\u00edch k\u0159\u00eddlech, co\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o pohlavn\u00edm dimorfismu. Jednotliv\u00e9 poddruhy se li\u0161\u00ed velikost\u00ed, tvarem a kresbou k\u0159\u00eddel. Na zadn\u00edch k\u0159\u00eddlech jsou v\u0161ak v\u017edy p\u0159\u00edtomny \u010derven\u00e9 skvrny (Bonin et al., 2024). <\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zek 2. Samice Parnassius apollo<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Stanovi\u0161t\u011b Apollo v Evrop\u011b<\/h2>\n\n

P. Apollo<\/em> se v Evrop\u011b obvykle vyskytuj\u00ed such\u00e9 v\u00e1pnit\u00e9 tr\u00e1vn\u00edky a stepi ve vrchovin\u00e1ch a alp\u00ednsk\u00e9 a subalp\u00ednsk\u00e9 tr\u00e1vn\u00edky. Vhodn\u00e1 jsou tak\u00e9 skaln\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b a sut\u011b, ale pod hranic\u00ed nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na poho\u0159\u00ed (do 1 800 m n. m. v Karpatech, 2 500 m n. m. v Alp\u00e1ch a 3 000 m n. m. v Sierra Nevad\u011b (Nakonieczny et al., 2007). Bez ohledu na typ stanovi\u0161t\u011b je pro larvy kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 dostupnost vhodn\u00fdch \u017eivn\u00fdch rostlin. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zek 3. Mapa Evropy s mod\u0159e vyzna\u010den\u00fdm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm Parnassius apollo <\/em>( Informace p\u0159evzaty z Nakonieczny et al., 2007.) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Hostitelsk\u00e9 rostliny<\/h2>\n\n

P. apollo<\/em> je oligof\u00e1gn\u00ed druh, tj. omezuje se na n\u011bkolik specifick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f potravy. Larvy (housenky) se \u017eiv\u00ed Sedum album<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758) (obr. 4) nebo Hylotelephium telephium <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758) (obr. 5) (Nakonieczny & K\u0119dziorski, 2005). Jedn\u00e1 se o druhy rodu Sedum neboli rozchodn\u00edky, kter\u00e9 mohou \u017e\u00edt v such\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch d\u00edky sv\u00e9 strategii CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) (Wai et al., 2019). N\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9 populace P. apollo<\/em> se \u017eiv\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm H. telephium<\/em>, proto\u017ee roste v otev\u0159en\u00fdch les\u00edch a na louk\u00e1ch. Naproti tomu populace P. apollo<\/em> z vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161ek se \u017eiv\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b druhem S. album<\/em>, kter\u00fd se vyskytuje ve v\u00e1pnit\u00e9m skalnat\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed (Stephenson, 1994). T\u00edm se evropsk\u00e9 populace P. apollo<\/em> d\u011bl\u00ed na “telephiophagous” formy, kter\u00e9 se \u017eiv\u00ed H. telephium <\/em>, a “albophagous” formy, kter\u00e9 se \u017eiv\u00ed S. album<\/em>. L\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00ed mot\u00fdli spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lu nektarod\u00e1rn\u00fdch rostlin jako na zdroj nektaru v z\u00e1vislosti na dostupnosti v dan\u00e9 oblasti (Massolo et al., 2022). <\/p>\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
Obr\u00e1zek 4. Sedum album<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr\u00e1zek 5. Hylotelephium telephium<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n

\u017divotn\u00ed cyklus<\/p>\n\n

\u017divotn\u00ed cyklus P. Apollo <\/em>(obr. 6) trv\u00e1 jeden rok a je univoltinn\u00ed, tj. p\u0159ezimuje ve stadiu vaj\u00ed\u010dka (Bonin et al, 2024). Samice kladou vaj\u00ed\u010dka, kter\u00e1 z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159es zimu sp\u00edc\u00ed a l\u00edhnou se na ja\u0159e n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho roku. Larvy se \u017eiv\u00ed na hostitelsk\u00fdch rostlin\u00e1ch, dokud se pln\u011b nevyvinou do velikosti, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e projdou n\u011bkolika svl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00edmi. Po t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi housenka p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed v metamorf\u00f3zu<\/em> a st\u00e1v\u00e1 se kuklou<\/em>. Kukla se ne\u017eiv\u00ed, ale spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na energii ulo\u017eenou z potravy, kterou konzumovala jako larva (Gilbert et al., 1996). Ve stavu kukly prob\u00edh\u00e1 metamorf\u00f3za larvy v dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho mot\u00fdla prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm slo\u017eit\u00e9 \u0159ady biochemick\u00fdch reakc\u00ed, \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch nervov\u00fdmi a hormon\u00e1ln\u00edmi mechanismy (Gilbert et al., 1996). <\/p>\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
Obr\u00e1zek 6. Fotografie v\u0161ech \u017eivotn\u00edch stadi\u00ed P. apollo <\/em>, tj. vaj\u00ed\u010dka, housenky, kukly a imaga. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n

Bibliografie<\/h2>\n\n

Bonin, L., Jeromen, M., & Jeran, M. (2024). Endangered Butterflies and Their Conservation: The Decline of Parnassius apollo<\/em> and Phengaris<\/em> spp. in Europe and Slovenia [Ohro\u017een\u00ed mot\u00fdli a jejich ochrana: \u00fabytek druh\u016f Parnassius apollo<\/em> a Phengaris<\/em> spp. v Evrop\u011b a Slovinsku]. Sborn\u00edk sokratovsk\u00fdch p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek<\/em>. 10, 117-125. <\/p>\n\n

Condamine, F. L., Rolland, J., H\u00f6hna, S., Sperling, F. A., & Sanmart\u00edn, I. (2018). Testov\u00e1n\u00ed role \u010derven\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovny a dvorn\u00edho \u0161a\u0161ka jako hybatel\u016f makroevoluce mot\u00fdl\u016f rodu Apollo. Systematic biology<\/em>, 67(6), 940-964. <\/p>\n\n

Descimon, H., Bachelard, P., Boitier, E., & Pierrat, V. (2005). \u00dabytek a vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed populac\u00ed Parnassius apollo<\/em> ve Francii – pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. Studies on the Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies in Europe<\/em>, 1, 114-115. <\/p>\n\n

Gilbert, S. F., Opitz, J. M., & Raff, R. A. (1996). Resyntetizuj\u00edc\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed a v\u00fdvojov\u00e1 biologie. Developmental biology<\/em>, 173(2), 357-372. <\/p>\n\n

Massolo, A., Fric, Z. F., & Sbaraglia, C. (2022). Vliv zm\u011bny klimatu na vhodnost biotopu mot\u00fdla v minulosti, sou\u010dasnosti a budoucnosti: Parnassius Apollo<\/em> a jeho hostitelsk\u00e9 rostliny: biotick\u00e9 interakce. Univerzita v Pise.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n

Nakonieczny, M., & K\u0119dziorski, A. (2005). Potravn\u00ed preference larev mot\u00fdla Apollo(Parnassius apollo<\/em> ssp. frankenbergeri) \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v Pienin\u00e1ch (ji\u017en\u00ed Polsko). Comptes rendus. Biologies <\/em>, 328(3), 235-242.<\/p>\n\n

Nakonieczny, M., Kedziorski, A., & Michalczyk, K. (2007). Mot\u00fdl Apollo(Parnassius apollo<\/em> L.) v Evrop\u011b – jeho historie, \u00fabytek a perspektivy ochrany. Functional Ecosystems and Communities<\/em>, 1(1), 56-79. <\/p>\n\n

Quade, J., Cerling, T. E., & Bowman, J. R. (1989). Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in northern Pakistan (V\u00fdvoj asijsk\u00e9ho monzunu odhalen\u00fd v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm ekologick\u00fdm posunem b\u011bhem posledn\u00edho mioc\u00e9nu v severn\u00edm P\u00e1kist\u00e1nu). Nature,<\/em> 342(6246), 163-166. <\/p>\n\n

Stephenson, R. (1994). Sedum<\/em>: kultivovan\u00e9 rozchodn\u00edky. Timber press, Portland<\/em>. (s. 335-pp). <\/p>\n\n

Todisco, V., Gratton, P., Cesaroni, D., & Sbordoni, V. (2010). Phylogeography of Parnassius apollo<\/em>: hints on taxonomy and conservation of a vulnerable glacial butterfly invader (Fylogeografie mot\u00fdla Parnassius apollo<\/em>: n\u00e1znaky pro taxonomii a ochranu zraniteln\u00e9ho ledovcov\u00e9ho vet\u0159elce). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,<\/em> 101(1), 169-183. <\/p>\n\n

Wai, C. M., Weise, S. E., Ozersky, P., Mockler, T. C., Michael, T. P., & VanBuren, R. (2019). Denn\u00ed doba a p\u0159eprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b b\u011bhem suchem indukovan\u00e9 CAM fotosynt\u00e9zy u Sedum album<\/em>. PLoS genetics<\/em>, 15(6), e1008209. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Napsal Maureen Nieuwschepen Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je prvn\u00edm d\u00edlem dvoud\u00edln\u00e9, v\u011bdecky podlo\u017een\u00e9 s\u00e9rie o Parnassius apollo. P\u016fvod a historie migrace Rod<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":7660,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","ghostkit_customizer_options":"","ghostkit_custom_css":"","ghostkit_custom_js_head":"","ghostkit_custom_js_foot":"","ghostkit_typography":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[259],"tags":[277,195],"class_list":["post-8575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-followapollo-cs","tag-ekologie","tag-parnassius-apollo-cs"],"yoast_head":"\nMigra\u010dn\u00ed historie a ekologie mot\u00fdla Apollo - Parnassius apollo project LIFE Apollo2020<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/parnassius-apollo.life\/cs\/migracni-historie-a-ekologie-motyla-apollo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Migra\u010dn\u00ed historie a ekologie mot\u00fdla Apollo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Napsal Maureen Nieuwschepen Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je prvn\u00edm d\u00edlem dvoud\u00edln\u00e9, v\u011bdecky podlo\u017een\u00e9 s\u00e9rie o Parnassius apollo. 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